Mortality Data Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mortality Data Paper - Assignment Example Arrangement of data may take place in any way that the researcher may desire. If the data is in the form of percentages then they may be arranged in an ascending or descending order. The same goes for any data in a numerical form; whether it is the arrangement according to position of something or its quantity, the data is arranged in a fine order in this step. In the second step the illustration or representation of the collected data takes place. There are several ways in which a data can be represented. A graph can be used to demonstrate the percentage or amount of something. Apart from graphs, bar charts of many kinds are used as well; stem and leaf diagrams, tables, pie charts, histograms and such are used as well. This step only includes the choice of way one might desire to represent their data in. The last step of Descriptive Statistics includes mentioning a summary of the collected data. In here an attempt of explaining what the research was conducted on, what methods were used for it, what was the targeted population, the results obtained from the research and a theory that the researchers might have deduced from the obtained results. â€Å"The highest death toll of a population from strokes or cerebrovascular diseases is the population belonging to the middle-income countries while the lowest is the population from low income countries.† A diseases cluster is known as the occurrence of a disease which targets a larger number of people instead of the expected number of populations in a certain area, group of people or time period (California Department of Public Health). An epidemic is known as an outbreak of a biological or viral disorder which spreads into the population of the world. The area for an epidemic is not a certain one and it may spread in many locations at a period of time. The targeted area is not restricted to any kind, any population may become a target and the patients are not isolated to a certain community. Epidemics

In India, the Micro and Small Enterprises Essay Example for Free

In India, the Micro and Small Enterprises Essay It has been our commitment to develop a strong and vibrant SMEs segment that acts as the backbone of India’s industrial sector. SMERA has been contributing to this goal by providing ratings to these firms, to enable their sustained and vibrant growth. SMERA recognises this potential of the SME segment and the benefits it holds for our nation. It is in this context SMERA, jointly with Dun Bradstreet India, is proud to launch the publication series, Emerging SMEs of India. The high fragmented nature of the SME segment makes availability of information difficult. A one-point reference document listing SMEs was imperative at this juncture. We hope to fulfil this long felt need. The publication has attempted to provide critical information on 370 companies and provide a concise profile of their activities. It aims to bring out the best SMEs and project them before domestic corporates outsourcing their needs to SMEs and also potential importers on the lookout for reliable SMEs to source their requirements. The current endeavour is an effort to fill the void and provide Indian SMEs a platform where they can interact, learn and do networking with stakeholders in associated events together with brand building. We are sure that this publication will benefit many individuals, banks, corporates, government institutions and agencies that provide support and promote the SMEs. Through this pioneering initiative, SMERA re-dedicates itself to serving the small and medium enterprises of India. | The Ministry of Small Scale Industries (SSI) is a defunct Indian government ministry. It was merged with the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries to form the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The ministry was tasked with the promotion of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). The Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries (SSIARI) was created in October 1999. In September 2001, the ministry was split into the Ministry of Small Scale Industries (SSI) and the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries (ARI).

Eddie Vedder Is A Vampire :: essays research papers

Eddie Vedder Is A Vampire Although at first he may seem to be just your average angst ridden lead man for a popular rock and roll band, Eddie Vedder, the vocalist and lyricist for Pearl Jam, may very well be a vampire. Although it is impossible to tell, everything points to his being an immortal. An in depth analysis of his lyrics shows that Pearl Jam's second album, â€Å"Versus†, has been used by Vedder as sounding boards for the complex emotions and change of perspective that come with one's transition to vampirism. Other lyricists have used vampiric images before - for instance Sting, in Moon Over Bourbon Street, which was written in first person - but Vedder is unique in that his lyrics evolve over time as being indicative of his vampiric state. Either he has become a vampire, he believes himself to be a vampire, or he is leading a fictional double life, from which he draws inspiration for his lyrics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is a vampire? Numerous myths, folk tales, and works of fiction exist on the matter of what makes up a vampire, but if they do exist, vampires have been incredibly careful to conceal their presence from most people (supposedly following a law known as the Masquerade), and very little is known about them definitively. However, some basic facts are common to most sources. These are: vampires drink blood, vampires live forever if not killed, and vampires undergo grievous bodily harm if exposed to sunlight; this normally kills them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many other things about vampires, such as their aversion to garlic, their superhuman abilities, and their prohibition on entering abodes unless invited, are mentioned in some sources and not others, and so it is unclear as to how much of this applies to real vampires, and how much is pure myth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eddie's vampiric tendencies became apparent in the lyrics to â€Å"Versus†, Pearl Jam's second album. Pearl Jam's first album, â€Å"Ten†, contains no real evidence of vampirism, and his lyric writing style is subtly different from that in â€Å"Versus†. In â€Å"Ten†, the lyrics are often in ballad form, generally relating tales of normal people. The songs Jeremy, Alive, Deep, and Black were all number one hits in the U.S. from â€Å"Ten†. Eddie was not writing about himself in these songs, and was only assuming personas for the narrative, a standard device for composers of fiction of any kind. Thus, the lyrics were simply Eddie's view of the world around him, incorporating characters and situations which he could relate to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eddie's lyric writing style had change considerably in the second album, â€Å"Versus†.

Enzyme activity Essay

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to test for enzyme activity, look at enzyme specificity, and how temperature affects enzyme activity. Time need to perform this lab: approximately 3 hours Preparation FIRST: Read the lab in its entirety TWICE before you begin. You will perform the experiment, write your lab report and include the answers to the additional 4 questions within the text for full credit on this experiment. Materials: †¢3% hydrogen peroxide †¢a household blender †¢potatoes (3 medium size potatoes, that are peeled and quartered) †¢tap water †¢8 test tubes †¢8 transfer pipets †¢sugar packets †¢salt †¢a small saucepan †¢a refrigerator with a freezer †¢stove †¢4 clear plastic cups †¢tongs (to remove test tubes from boiling water) †¢4 coffee cups †¢cheesecloth to filter the potato extract †¢a wax pencil or Sharpie marker †¢a ruler †¢scale or balance †¢250 ml graduated cylinder †¢oven mitt or tongs Preparation Step 1: Research (online) the reaction between catalase and  hydrogen peroxide and be familiar with the reactants, products, and enzyme. You will include the overall reaction in your lab report for this experiment. We will measure enzyme activity by measuring the height of the bubbles produced. Questions 1.Given your research, why are we measuring the height of the bubbles produced to indicate how much enzyme activity has occurred? 2.What product are we specifically observing being produced? Preparation Step 2: 1.Prepare the potato extract (catalase) using the following technique: †¢peel 3 medium size potatoes and cut them into quarters †¢add the potatoes to the blender with 250 mls of tap water to cover the potatoes and blend on high until the potatoes are pureed (blended to a thick liquid or paste) †¢place a cheesecloth over a container and use the cheesecloth to obtain the liquid portion (only) of your potato puree. You can squeeze the cheesecloth in the end to obtain the final portions of the liquid from the puree. 1.Make a 1% sucrose solution using the method describe in your osmosis lab. 2.Make a 1% salt solution by measuring 1 gram of salt using your scale or balance, add this to your graduated cylinder and then fill to the 100ml mark. You can then transfer this mixture to a small saucepan, heat and stir until the mixture is dissolved. ——————————————————————————– Procedure Experiment 1: Testing for Enzymatic Activity For this experiment, you will need: †¢4 test tubes †¢ruler †¢water †¢1% sucrose (sugar) solution †¢1% salt solution †¢3% hydrogen peroxide †¢catalase (the liquid portion of your potato extract) †¢4 clear plastic cups †¢wax pencil †¢transfer pipets Step 1: Add 3mls of the following solutions to a labeled test tube using a fresh transfer pipet with each new solution: †¢test tube 1: tap water †¢test tube 2: 1% sucrose solution †¢test tube 3: 1% salt solution †¢test tube 4: 3% hydrogen peroxide Questions 1.Why is it important to use a fresh transfer pipet for each new solution? Step 2: Add 2 mls of the catalase solution (liquid portion of the potato extract) to each test tube and place into a plastic cup to keep it upright. Pick up each test tube, tap the bottom/ swirl the contents and then using your ruler record in Table 1 the bubble height (if any) that is produced. Remember to include this table (with a strong title) in your lab report. ——————————————————————————– Experiment 2- Testing the Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity For this experiment, you will need: †¢4 test tubes †¢ruler †¢3% hydrogen peroxide †¢catalase (the liquid portion of your potato extract) †¢4 coffee cups †¢wax pencil †¢transfer pipets †¢refrigerator w/ freezer †¢stove †¢saucepan †¢tap water †¢oven mitt or tongs Step 1: Label the test tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4, where test tube 1 represents the sample placed on the counter at room temperature, test tube 2 represents the tube placed in the refrigerator, test tube 3 represents the tube placed in the freezer, and test tube 4 represents the sample exposed to boiling water. You will expose catalase to each of these four conditions. Questions 4.Before you begin, predict under which treatment you expect to see the most enzyme activity and explain why you think that will happen. Step 2: Place a saucepan with tap water on a burner and bring to a boil. Step 3: Use the thermometer to identify and record the temperature for room temperature, in your refrigerator, in your freezer, and then research the temperature of boiling water (do not take this temperature) and record them in Table 2. Step 4: Place the test tubes into separate coffee cups to maintain the upward position. Add 2 mls of the catalase solution to each of the test tubes and then place tubes1, 2, and 3 in the conditions described above. For test tube 4, fill the coffee mug half full of boiling water and then place test tube 4 in this container. Do not place the test tube into the pan of boiling water. Step 5: Allow the tubes to sit for 5 minutes, then remove the tubes from the conditions mentioned above (note: be careful to use an oven mitt or tongs to remove the test tube exposed to boiling water from the coffee cup). Step 6: Then add 3 mls of 3% hydrogen peroxide, swirl all tubes, and measure the bubbles produced by measuring bubble height (if any are produced). Record this data in Table 2. Results Please include your results in two tables that are clearly labeled and have columns for the contents of each test tube, the treatment if applicable (experiment 2) and the height of the bubbles produced (if any). Conclusions For this portion, include the results obtained and an interpretation of the results. Also state whether the results were expected or not and, if the results are unexpected, include possible reasons for this and what your next step should be. Remember to also include your answers to the 4 Questions embedded in the experiment above for full credit. Submission: Create your lab report using word-processing software, such as Microsoft Word and save it to your computer as a .doc, .docx, or .rtf file. To submit the report, choose the link titled, Lab 6: Enzymes, above. Use the â€Å"Browse My Computer† button in the Attach File area to attach your document. Be sure to complete your submission by choosing the â€Å"Submit† button at the bottom of the screen.

Computers Essay

Books will never be completely replaced by computers. Computers can crash, and all information will be lost. If the power goes out in your house, you can’t read on your computer, but you can pick up a book. What you read on a comp. is just light or something on a screen. A book is is a permentent physical printing. If computers replaced books, we’d all have serious eye problems. The joy of reading would be lost. I’d hate to have to depend on a machine for my relaxing reading time. Books are forever, computers are until it breaks down, and everything will be lost. Books can be taken care of, as can computers, but there are books that are a hundred years old, I haven’t heard of anyone with the same computer for even 10 yrs. see more:essay on computer I guess comps are getting new and better, but books are still better to read. However, on the up side for comps, 1 comp, can store probebly over a hundred books, sort of like an i pod. But if the 1 comp breaks, that a hundred books too. Computers are good, and should store that kind of stuff, but I don’t think it should completly replace the book. That would really suck. You can’t haul your computer everywhere you go, like the bus, waiting rooms, the lunchroom, bed, etc. Too large, awkward and unwieldy. Even laptops. You can’t just throw a laptop in your purse. I take books with me everywhere I go so I have something to kill the time with when I’m waiting. I read everyday on my lunch hour. I read before I go to bed. Sitting in front of a coputer to read makes my eyes, butt and back hurt, because you have to sit up to do it and the computer screen is too bright. Plus, books don’t need batteries. I think it’s okay for kids in school, and I’m sure that there are other instances, but I highly doubt that books will ever become obsolete.f a book – from reading an actual book instead of a screen. . Finding good novels or non-fiction would be more difficult because of the volume of all kinds and qualities of same. A computer, even a notebook, will never replace a pocket-sized paperback you can stick in a purse and read anywhere. Books don’t need batteries, service, defragging or any of those things. Like many aspiring authors, I’m excited by the possibilities posed by on-line publishing, but I have some serious reservations about what could happen if there is an unchecked volume of materials placed â€Å"out there.† Also, collecting royalties could make writing for profit even more of a challenge than it is today. Intro Science has made4 mch developments during the recent decades. It has developed many gadgets for our comfort but in my opinion they cn never replace the traditional things and ways. One of the greatest invention of technology and sciences is computer

calvin hobbes essays

calvin hobbes essays Thomas Hobbes was a very unique individual. His ideas about absolutism changed peoples live still to this day. To understand his ideas you might need to find out a little about his back round. He was born in London, England on April 5,1588. He went to college at Oxford University in England. Hobbes enjoyed going to other European countries to meet with scientists to study different forms of government. He also was an author, he wrote Leviathan, The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil. One of the most substantial books would be Leviathan. This describes how government need so be a "supernatural sea creature" to substain a safe way of lives. When you hear his ideas for the fist time its easy to completely be outraged and not believe any of it. The time you hear that "people are naturally wicked and could not be trusted to govern," you might be inclined to put the paper down and not even listen to him. His ideas might be a little insane but they come from a very realistic person. Ill gives you most of his personal ideas then I can give you the reasoning behind it. Hobbes believed in a strong government. He was one of the most influential secular justifications for absolutism. He felt that humans were basically selfish creatures who would do anything to better their position. When left alone Hobbes felt that people would act on their evil impulses. People there for should not be trusted to make decisions on their own behalf, thus the government should. He also felt that like humans, nations were selfishly motivated. Each country was in a constant battle for power and health. To show this point he has a quote w hich is, "If men are naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to unlock their doors?" The government was created to protect people from their own selfishness and evil. Hobbes believed in the rule of a king, because ...

Themes of the Odyssey

Themes of the Odyssey Free Online Research Papers In The Odyssey hospitality is noted as one of the main themes seen throughout the entire story and is one of the most significant key concepts; without hospitality nothing can be achieved or civilized. In books 6-8 of The Odyssey the theme of hospitality is apparent through the actions of the Phaecians. Odysseus is washed upon the island of Scheria, and is found by the daughter of Alcinous, king of the Phaecians and is treated with utmost respect and hospitality, seated in the guests’ place of honor. Homer also explores the theme of hospitality, where Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, approaches his old and faithful servant, the swineherd, Eumaeus, and his son, Telemachus. Odysseus gets up from the chair to give Telemachus room to sit but is stopped and instead is welcomed to sit for himself. â€Å"Friend, sit down; we’ll find another chair in our own hut†¦ (692).† Even though Telemachus has just arrived home after a long journey from Sparta and Pylos he still kindly welcomes the stranger to sit while he waits for Eumaeus to make him a new pile of evergreens and fleeces tomany more other examples of hospitality in the book Homer makes us realize and understand how important it is to show hospitality in Greek culture. Hospitality is an important diplomatic and social custom. Homer emphasizes in The Odyssey the significance of hospitality to the point where it is almost a religion. By making these cultural constructs an important part of many of the aspects of the life of the Greeks culture, we humans can learn and put some of their values and morals into our own. The lessons that are exhibited from the Greeks are key not only back in the times of the ancient Greeks, but to this day. Hospitality promotes brotherhood and holds special significance for bringing people closer, with love and kindness. It is the ability to meet the basic needs of aid to external care to person or strangers beyond one’s immediate circle of friends. Most people say the more you love the more it multiplies and you receive back many more times the kindness you give. Hospitality binds people together in bonds of love, increases the value of friendship and makes the atmosphere glow with human warmth. With hospitality we can focus on the positive and believe the universe is basically a friendly place. The Odyssey nearly serves as a Greek guide to hospitality which is such a dominant concept in Greece, and is very useful and needed in to days world. In Homer’s The Odyssey main characters receive warmth hospitality throughout their journeys from others, usually without even to give their names. Another personal virtue that is a major theme in the epic is loyalty. Loyalty is needed to achieve and learn the importance of goals and values. The most striking example of loyalty in the epic is, of course, Penelope, who waits faithfully for 20 years for her husband’s return. Penelope is so faithful and loyal to the point that even after Odysseus wins the match by stringing the bow, Penelope tests him. â€Å"If he really is Odysseus, truly home, beyond all doubt we two shall know each other better than you or anyone. There are two secret signs we know, we two (706).† Another example is Telemachus, who stands by his father against the suitors. Odysseus’ old nurse, Eurycleia, remains loyal to Penelope and her absent master, serving with respect. In the second stanza of Homers The Odyssey it is written: â€Å"He saw the town lands and learned the minds of many distant men, and weathered many bitter nights and days I his deep heart at sea, while he fought only to save his life, to bring his shipmates home. But not by will or valor could he save them, for their own recklessness destroyed them all- children and fools they killed and feasted on the cattle of Lord Helios, the Sun†¦ (651).† In this sentence it is very ironic that Odysseus fights to save his life to save his ship mates even though that he can do nothing to save them. But even though Odysseus knows that no matter what he does he can not save his men, he still tries. Another I tried to say ‘Untie me!’ to the crew, jerking my brows; but object. Here Odysseus shows his loyalty once again to his fellow friends and demonstrates his faithfulness. Without the presence of loyalty a strong relativity can never be built. Such as the relationship between Penelope and Odysseus which brought them together at the end. Loyalty is a virtue that is a must in almost everything human beings take part in life. Loyalty to family, community, and the gods is an important quality in the lives of ancient Greek citizens. These qualities are clearly demonstrated in The Odyssey through Penelope, Telemachus, and Odysseus. Loyalty is a moral standard, and is needed in modern society. Research Papers on Themes of the OdysseyHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

The Pros and Cons of Majoring in Journalism

The Pros and Cons of Majoring in Journalism So youre starting college (or going back after working awhile) and want to pursue a journalism career. Should you major in journalism? Take a few journalism courses and get a degree in something else? Or steer clear of j-school altogether? The Pros of Getting a Journalism Degree By majoring in journalism you get a solid foundation in the fundamental skills of the trade. You also get access to specialized, upper-level journalism courses. Want to be a sportswriter? A film critic? Many j-schools offer specialized classes in these areas. Most also offer training in the kind of multimedia skills that are increasingly in demand. Many also have internship programs for their students. Majoring in journalism also gives you access to mentors, namely the j-school faculty, who have worked in the profession and can offer valuable advice. And since many schools include faculty who are working journalists, youll have the chance to network with professionals in the field. The Cons of Getting a Journalism Degree Many in the news business will tell you that the basic skills of reporting, writing and interviewing are best learned not in a classroom, but by covering real stories for the college newspaper. Thats how many journalists learned their craft, and in fact, some of the biggest stars in the business never took a journalism course in their life. Also, journalists are increasingly being asked not just to be good reporters and writers, but to also have specialized knowledge in a particular field. So by getting a journalism degree, you may be  limiting your opportunity to do that, unless you plan on going to grad school. Lets say your dream is to become a foreign correspondent in France. Many would argue that youd be better served by studying French language and culture  while picking up the necessary journalism skills along the way. In fact, Tom, a friend of mine who became a Moscow correspondent for The Associated Press did just that: He majored in Russian studies in college, but put in plenty of time at the student paper, building up his skills and his clip portfolio. Other Options Of course, it doesnt have to be an all-or-nothing scenario. You could get a double major in journalism and something else. You could take just a few journalism courses. And theres always grad school. In the end, you should find a plan that works for you. If you want access to everything that a journalism school has to offer (mentors, internships, etc.) and want to take plenty of time to hone your journalism skills, then j-school is for you. But if you think you can learn how to report and write by jumping in headfirst, either by freelancing or working at the student paper, then you may be better served by learning your journalism skills on-the-job  and majoring in something else entirely. Whos More Employable? It all comes down to this: Whos more likely to get a journalism job after graduation, a journalism major or someone with a degree in another area? Generally, j-school grads may find it easier to land that first news job right out of college. Thats because the journalism degree gives employers a sense that the graduate has learned the fundamental skills of the profession. On the other hand, as journalists move forward in their careers and start to seek out more specialized and prestigious jobs, many find that a degree in an area outside of journalism gives them a leg up on the competition (like my friend Tom, who majored in Russian). Put another way, the longer youve been working in the news business, the less your college degree matters. What counts most at that point is your knowledge and job experience.

Virtual Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virtual Child - Essay Example My virtual child did not feel too close to his father because the father was not within the proximity of the child too often. The child starts recognising the persons in the surrounding by sensing the smell. The touch, sight and smell are important elements to provide comfort to the child. For the mother of course it will be next to impossible to forget the pains with which she is able to have the child. While early on the baby appears confused as the sensory mechanism is not fully developed, at 3-month old period the child is certainly in a position to recognise the parents and tries to feel better in the company, while resisting the efforts of others in taking control. 8-month period is certainly a long period for the child-parent relationship. The child starts uttering few words and indulges in some innocent sign language, which helps the bonding amongst the individuals. 2. Describe and give examples of changes in your child's exploratory or problem solving behavior from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piaget's theory and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so you'll need to use the time-line to look back at 8 months for examples. The period between 8 and 18 months happens to... These changes take place with active support from parents. Jean Piaget explained in 1930s that the cognitive development in child passes through four phases, namely (Meadows, 1987); Sensory-motor (first 2 years) Pre-operational (from 2 to 7) Concrete operational (from 7 to 10). Formal operational (10 onwards) In this case the period upto 18 months will be the one where the sensory power will be developed. 3. Analyze your own parenting philosophy and practices. What principles from social learning theory, Bowlby, Ainsworth, Piaget, Vygotsky, information processing theory, developmental neuroscience and other theories do you appear to have relied on in making your parenting choices or interpreting your child's behavior Include three principles/theorists from the above list in your answer. Mary Ainsworth expanded upon the theory of Bowlby and tried to observe the growth of 12-18 months. The 'strange situation' is one of the pioneering works of Ainsworth. Based on this Ainsworth underlined three major styles of attachment, namely, secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. Piaget came out with the cognitive theory by analyzing how the minds of children work and develop over the years in view of the surroundings and the style of grooming by parents. He concluded that the development of thinking is not smooth in kids, instead it develops into stages. 18 months, 7 years and 12 years have been found out as three critical stages by Piaget for this purpose. Vygotsky social development theory underlines the importance of social interaction in the cognitive development of a child. Slightly differing with Piaget, Vygotsky inferred that development follows social learning. Therefore, as per this theory spending

Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainable Development - Essay Example Pollution is also reduced enormously due to this sustainable technique. For legislation and funding the programs, the agencies have introduced six livability principals (Assadourian et al, 2012). The livability principals proposed in the suggested article mainly focus and discuss some practical issues for the development of sustainable development. They are mostly related to the day to day problems faced by the citizen and their solutions. Specific and certain points are given in order to increase the productivity and social positivity of the overall developments taking place. For example the first livability principal is giving emphasis on increasing the transportation choices for the people so that they can enjoy safe, quick and affordable charges of transportation. The transportation has been a very basic human need since a very long time after industrial revolution. Similarly, linking this transportation issue with overall economic factors of the country is also very much important because our dependence on foreign oil and quest to gain more profits in order to meet the increasing expenditures outside our country can cause a bad effect on the fares of the transportation and this in turn has been sustained by the general public. In the similar fashion, the effect of good livability principal in regards to transportation will sort out different practical ways to minimize the green house damage on the environment by the pollution and it must use scientific research. Similarly, the other principal emphasizes to increase the completion and race in the economic arena of development lifecycle so that people can exploit more and more chances of economic growth and can improve their life style by competing and taking challenges at par. It also says that instead of targeting the new communities, the principal of sustainable development must and should resist from the side of existing communities and promote maximum land

Economic Liberalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Liberalization - Essay Example Though both have now become a very successful case of FDI channeled development model but the structure of economy of these two nations are at the two ends of any of the economic theory. In China, being a one party communist state and very strong central government economic decisions are taken irrespective of what is actually the people at ground wish while in India, being a secular democratic nation with multi-party political system decisions related to economy are often taken while considering the compulsions like electoral promises and is very much populist in nature. The governments which includes both central and states are always under pressure from both opposition parties and popular public demand and many a times the decisions get affected due to this factor. At the same time, India's economic stand for more than forty years of its independence had been protective and least connected with the world (Bromley, Mackintosh, Brown & Wuyts, 2004, p. 196). Its neutral stand during t he cold war and strategic military relationship with USSR caused very less interation with western world led by USA. The country continued to pursue its independent political stand and entered 21st century, its economic structure saw extreme changes and the country now boasts of having the USA as its largest trading partner and at the same time, US has also found great interest in world's largest democracy and the recently signed nuclear treaty between the US president George Bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh clearly underlines the growing interest between the two. So the new India or better to say the liberalized India post reforms presents a beautiful case where Kenneth Waltz's theory of International Relations which states that the action of a state can often get affected due to pressures being exerted by international forces and thereby limiting the options available to them(1979). The neorealist or structured model has been developed with the aim to explain the repeating patterns of state behavior and power and its extent which is the combination of its capacity to resist external influence while influencing others to behave according to its wishes (Extra Material, p. 6). The liberalization process in India began in early 1990s in the tenure of the Prime Minister P. V. Narashimha Rao under the leadership of then Finance Minister Dr. Manamohan Singh. The reform process and India's integration into world economy was widely appreciated with International Monetary Fund or the IMF calling it a long term corrective measure. The reform process which began with India signing GATT and becoming a part of WTO was widely appreciated by almost all economic quarters (Bromley et. al, 2004, p. 173). But still the opposition led by communists and the BJP were dead against the proposal. The Narashimha Rao govt. continued with his reforms though slowly while destroying the opposition unity by making non BJP opposition parties believe that the fall of the government will make way for BJP to grab power at centre. BJP at that time was regarded as a communal political party and there was a widespread fear that once coming into power this party will make solid changes to th e current political structure of India and might convert India into a single party ruled state. This fear helped the Narashimha Rao govt. to complete its full term and during this period, the Indian economy became irreversibility liberal (Bromley et. al,

Optimizing solar thermal resurce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Optimizing solar thermal resurce - Essay Example Such cities includes; Oakland 17%, San Franscisco 12% and Porland 10% (Ten top cities in U.S.A for renewable energy) . In his paper (Cleveland) explains how solar energy can be optimized. This paper represents a method of analyzing the financial costs and benefits of solar systems in commercial buildings using a model building. Assumption made are; the house is 30% below ASHRAE 90.1 standards, the owner is interested in investing on thermal technology and wanted to build the most efficient building possible, consideration of natural gases and electricity escalations as alternatives to solar energy. The model house was 50,000 sq feet and cost of building such a house in Calorina is $500,000 to 750,000 with fully installed HVAC system. Energy plus was used to map the building. The inputs for the energy plus simulation included, Raleigh, NC location, u-shaped office building of 50,000 sq ,30% energy savings among others and this led to projection output of heating system capacity 641 kBtu/hr (includes hot water usage), 87 tons of cooling capacity required, annual HVAC electricity use and annual natural gas use, hot water cooling. The model house was used to run 2 cooling scenarios one with traditional HVAC as control building and the other one with traditional cooling system and solar heating and cooling system (solar building).The sizing of thermal loads of absorption chiller was based on information sourced from energy plus and this ensured that it had that same output as HVAC system. The amount of solar thermal energy supplied to heating water, heating space and cooling the space was calculated using RET screen which is able to estimate energy production, savings ,cost, viability and risks of various renewable energy and energy efficient techniques. In order to determine the comparative value of solar heating and cooling system and traditional HVAC system, net present value (NPV) of each system

Nationality, immigration and asylum law Coursework

Nationality, immigration and asylum law - Coursework Example At the same time, he suffers serious eye problems to such an extent that if medical facilities are not available he may go blind. To further add his misery, last week, a co-worker has threatened him to report to immigration authorities being stayed illegally. He engulfs with a fear of being deported from UK. UK Border Agency (UKBA) treats the claim of asylum as human rights claim. Insertion of Humanitarian Protection makes Immigration Rules practicable. The asylum application should contain one of the following grounds: a) whether qualifies for asylum under paragraph 334 of the Immigration Rules b) whether the applicant qualifies for Humanitarian Protection under paragraph 339C of the Immigration Rules c) whether the applicant qualifies for discretionary leave on other ECHR grounds d) Is it applicable under article 3 that fall outside the scope of the Immigration Rules on Humanitarian Protection and e) whether the individual circumstances are so compelling that a grant of discretiona ry leave is appropriate which is rare1. Mentioned process in asylum cases should strictly be applied by the incumbents irrespective of the fact that neither ECHR nor Humanitarian Protection has been mentioned specifically by the applicant. The other category of the applicants should seek shelter under the umbrella of Humanitarian Protection or other ECHR. ... In cited cases possibility of seeking assurances from the concerned authorities of the country of return is utmost important under the ECHR and the Immigration Rules. However, a deportee may contact to Asylum Operational Policy Unit via a senior caseworker before being returned to his / her country of origin4. The issues of human rights for the non-UK nationals are crucial in the sense that they have to face language barriers, lack of information on their rights, discourse on migration and asylum make it more complex. As per the practice in vogue, if detainee is detained in prison, custody suites or removal centers requires an independent inspection and investigation5. The lack of awareness about the immigration laws amongst the legal / illegal immigrants put them in knee-deep waters. In a report titled â€Å"Our Hidden Borders† written by Latif and Martynowicz examines in details the current law, policy and practice on the detention of offenders of immigration law and asylum seekers in line with the UK commitments under international human rights law. The findings of investigative report speak for itself about human rights concerns / violations6. The report in question discussed the policies, law and practice that govern the UK Border Agency and the involvement of Police Service of Northern Ireland. Each and every individual since birth has the right of liberty and security. No one shall usurp the rights of others by way of arbitrary arrest or detention. No one can be deprived of his / her liberty provided such grounds exits and in accordance with the prevalent law of the land. It is the right of the detainee to know the cause of arrest at the time of his /

EDUCATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EDUCATION - Essay Example Online education is the solution for students who want to enroll in a prestigious university, but could not, because of distance, time and the complexity involved in balancing other relevant responsibilities. Through online education, a student with various roles as a professional, mother, or part-time worker, could enjoy the benefits of convenience through accessing course modules at their most accessible time. Further, one could exercise skills in time management to prioritize diverse social responsibilities as a family member or an employee, in addition to being an active and collaboratively participating student. Interaction with colleagues and instructors are eminently made easy. Concurrently, online education assists students through multidimensional support systems such as video conferencing options, sending correspondences through emails, accessing online library, and counseling services through the university’s live support site, among others. The unlimited support sy stems provided by online education is truly a remarkable advantage that is readily available to those who opt for this innovative technological breakthrough.

Nationality, immigration and asylum law Coursework

Nationality, immigration and asylum law - Coursework Example At the same time, he suffers serious eye problems to such an extent that if medical facilities are not available he may go blind. To further add his misery, last week, a co-worker has threatened him to report to immigration authorities being stayed illegally. He engulfs with a fear of being deported from UK. UK Border Agency (UKBA) treats the claim of asylum as human rights claim. Insertion of Humanitarian Protection makes Immigration Rules practicable. The asylum application should contain one of the following grounds: a) whether qualifies for asylum under paragraph 334 of the Immigration Rules b) whether the applicant qualifies for Humanitarian Protection under paragraph 339C of the Immigration Rules c) whether the applicant qualifies for discretionary leave on other ECHR grounds d) Is it applicable under article 3 that fall outside the scope of the Immigration Rules on Humanitarian Protection and e) whether the individual circumstances are so compelling that a grant of discretiona ry leave is appropriate which is rare1. Mentioned process in asylum cases should strictly be applied by the incumbents irrespective of the fact that neither ECHR nor Humanitarian Protection has been mentioned specifically by the applicant. The other category of the applicants should seek shelter under the umbrella of Humanitarian Protection or other ECHR. ... In cited cases possibility of seeking assurances from the concerned authorities of the country of return is utmost important under the ECHR and the Immigration Rules. However, a deportee may contact to Asylum Operational Policy Unit via a senior caseworker before being returned to his / her country of origin4. The issues of human rights for the non-UK nationals are crucial in the sense that they have to face language barriers, lack of information on their rights, discourse on migration and asylum make it more complex. As per the practice in vogue, if detainee is detained in prison, custody suites or removal centers requires an independent inspection and investigation5. The lack of awareness about the immigration laws amongst the legal / illegal immigrants put them in knee-deep waters. In a report titled â€Å"Our Hidden Borders† written by Latif and Martynowicz examines in details the current law, policy and practice on the detention of offenders of immigration law and asylum seekers in line with the UK commitments under international human rights law. The findings of investigative report speak for itself about human rights concerns / violations6. The report in question discussed the policies, law and practice that govern the UK Border Agency and the involvement of Police Service of Northern Ireland. Each and every individual since birth has the right of liberty and security. No one shall usurp the rights of others by way of arbitrary arrest or detention. No one can be deprived of his / her liberty provided such grounds exits and in accordance with the prevalent law of the land. It is the right of the detainee to know the cause of arrest at the time of his /

Executive summary (entrepreneurship concepts) Research Paper

Executive summary (entrepreneurship concepts) - Research Paper Example This summary features Upworthy as one of the companies that have come up strongly. Upworthy is an attractive social media that was founded on March 2012. This social media based company helps in connecting organizations with people that would like to read their pages. Their website provides a platform for sharing of information about what is trending. Upworthy saw an opportunity in making worthy information get viral at the expense of funny stuff that has lees value. The business falls under a social networking where it allows people to share important information until it reaches to as many people as possible. The shared information is usually termed as verifiable and ‘upworthy’. The company has grown and currently has twenty-two employees. Their slogan is quite descriptive of their mandate, â€Å"things that matter.† Their offices are located in New York in the United States. The company was founded by Eli Pariser, Peter Koechley and Jennifer Lee. The company has received funding that totals to $12 Million; $4 million from venture round in October 2012 and $ 8 million from Series A in September 2013. Just after one year of existence, the company registered over 11 million unique visits surpassing the leaders like Huffington post (Mckenzie, 2013). The use of social media has emerged as a powerful tool in disseminating information. Upworthy spotted a perfect gap that would ensure that a solution is sought in reaching out to huge public through delivery of beneficial information. The choice to rise to the occasion and capitalize on the available opportunity and pain has made the company emerge successful. Bloggers and the mainstream social sites like Facebook and twitter have dominated the social networking industry. However, Upworthy strategized and its story is a successful one today. Their website has attracted a huge traffic courtesy of the news they air. Quantcast placed it among the top one

Different Aspects of Management Essay Example for Free

Different Aspects of Management Essay Two of the most important person in every company is managers and leaders. Although both are important in every company and may have the same traits in order to be effective in their own field, there are also some differences in being a manager and being a leader. Thus, being a manager is not equal to being a leader and vice versa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management refers to the activities that are often participated by a group of people. This people in the management are involved in the four general functions. The management functions involved planning, organizing, leading and coordinating of the resources. Planning includes knowing and identifying goals, objectives, methods as well as the resources needed to carry out this methods, responsibilities and dates of completion of the task. In organizing resources, it is important to achieve the goals in the best possible and the most favorable manner and approach. Leading or setting direction, creating vision and mission which is so important in knowing where the company are and where should they go in the future run. Controlling or coordinating the organizations system that includes monitoring and adjustments to reach the companies define goals and objectives. These four functions are highly integrated all through the companies or organizations. The managers are believed to be the brains of the business. They are the one who created rules and operating procedures, recognized and established the system and put this into place. Management is about the people but it is a fact to be considered that people are important as a way to run the company and to make the work done. The company or the organization has the greatest chance to be successful when all of its people, employees, leaders or manager work together to achieve their goals. Leadership involves the practice and exercising the influence of one to the other. Leading is different from managing because leading is more on influencing people while managing is more focused on the resources in addition to the people. Leading is the business heart. The heart and the real meaning of leadership is that it inspires and recognize that people in the company are likely to resist making major changes for a variety of reasons, including fear of the unknown, inadequacy to deal with the change and whether the change will result in an adverse effect on their jobs.   People need to feel that their concerns are being heard.   Leaders must widely communicate the need for the change and how the change can be accomplished successfully.   Leaders must listen to the employees – people need to feel that the approach to change will include their strong contribution and ongoing involvement. They want to feel respected enough by leaders to be involved and to work toward a vision that is realistic, yet promising in the long run.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The similarities between leadership and management are that both the heart and the brain are important in bringing out the best for the company and in achieving the success. Having operating procedures as well as rules and having clearly defined goals and objectives mission and vision or preparation for the future provide a direction and meaning to everyday activities of the company, and this is the same as having a successful leaders and managers. Whether they called a leader or a manager they have to learn to do just the same thing for both of them is accountable for the whole performance of their group. Manager or a leader it does not matter because manager or leader they still have to give the people their help, manager or leader they are expected to held their hands, to reach their people and to make it become a contributing part of the team, something bigger than who they really are. Managers or leaders have to coach, counsel, correct, encourage, and set goals and vision for having a vision is one of the most powerful components to achieve change and future success. A leader and manager with a clear vision were believed to be a good and effective. All successful managers and leaders have visions of what would they want to see in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A manager may serve as a motivator and a coach when he or she is acting as the leader of a team. Such actions may involve encouraging the workers in performing their job well. Managers may also establish benefits and other things that may help the company in gaining the trust, respect and loyalty of the workers. In this way, the manager serves as a motivator for the workers in doing their job well.   Managers are may also be referred to as leader of leaders since they are the one who are responsible in several aspects regarding the company’s actions and must therefore give orders and instructions to other personnel. In this way, a manager serves as a coach in handling different personnel of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All managers must be good leaders but not the other way around. There many good leaders in their own field but are not managers. Thus, although both are important in for the company, a greater responsibility is in the hands of the manager. Still, the every company needs good leaders who are able to maximize the potential of every worker. References Bock, W. (2007). Does it matter whether we call something management or leadership?. Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http://blog.threestarleadership.com/2007/12/10/does-it-matter-whether-we-call-something-management-or-leadership.aspx McNamara, C. (2007). Introduction to management. Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mng_thry/mng_thry.htm Robins, S. (2008). The difference between managing and leading. Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http://www.entrepreneur.com/management/leadership/article57304.html Young, D. (2008). A study of similarities and differences between leadership and management: implications for assessment centres. Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http://www.assessmentcenters.org/2006/con_Similarities_Differences.asp

Terrorist Attack In Mumbai History Essay

Terrorist Attack In Mumbai History Essay MUMBAI, India Indian commandos took control of the Taj Mahal Palace Tower, the last nest of terrorist resistance, on Saturday morning, after a lengthy assault that left three terrorists dead and sections of the hotel in flames, the head of the commando unit said in a televised news conference. Soldiers were still combing the hotel, going room to room in search of remaining gunmen, but the siege appeared finally to have ended, J. K. Dutt, director general of the National Security Guard, an elite commando force, said in the news conference at 9 a.m. Firefighters were permitted to begin pouring water over the flames that had burned out of control in the hotels lower floors for as much as an hour while the commandos battled the terrorists. It was the third day of a siege that has shaken India, raised tensions with neighboring Pakistan and prompted questions about the failure of the authorities to anticipate the tragedy or to react swiftly enough as it unfolded. All told, after attackers were cleared from a second hotel and a Jewish center on Friday, more than 150 people had died. Most of the dead were apparently Indian citizens, but at least 22 foreigners were killed. Among the dead reported were a rabbi from Brooklyn and his wife, who ran the Jewish center. The main success for the authorities on Friday came at the second hotel, the Oberoi. The authorities said that two gunmen had been killed and 93 foreigners some of them wearing Air France and Lufthansa uniforms had been rescued, though 30 bodies were found. Survivors offered harrowing accounts of their ordeal, trapped on the upper floors of the high-rise hotel while gunmen prowled below. The National Security Guard said it recovered two AK-47s, a 9-millimeter pistol and some grenades. For the first time, after several veiled accusations that Pakistan was involved, Indian officials specifically linked the attacks to their neighbor and longtime nemesis. Indias foreign minister blamed elements in Pakistan for the attacks , spreading the repercussions of the attacks beyond Indias borders. American intelligence and counterterrorism officials said Friday that there was mounting evidence that a Pakistani militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba, which has long been involved in the conflict with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir was responsible. Indian commandos said the attackers at the hotels were well trained, with one carrying a backpack packed with hundreds of rounds of ammunition, and they seemed to know the buildings layout better than the security forces, indicating a high degree of preparation. Some were seen arriving by boat; others may have been guests at the hotels for days. The leader of a commando unit involved in a gun battle on Thursday morning inside the Taj said during a news conference on Friday that he had seen a dozen dead bodies in one of the rooms. His team found a gunmans backpack, which contained dried fruit, 400 rounds of AK-47 ammunition, four grenades, Indian and American money, and seven credit cards from some of the worlds leading banks, he said. The pack also had a national identity card from the island of Mauritius. The attackers were very, very familiar with the layout of the hotel, said the commander, who disguised his face with a scarf and tinted glasses to hide his identity. He said the militants, who appeared to be under 30 years old, were determined and remorseless. ANALYSIS The terrorist attack on Saturday morning is one of the major activity which has led terrorist most dangerous for our country. A team of terrorist attacked the TAJ HOTEL and killed many innocent visitors. The fight between commandos and terrorist went for two days. India a safe tourist destination: Minister 2010-09-20 14:10:00 New Delhi, Sep 20 (IANS) India is a safe destination and the security of tourists is of utmost importance to the government, Tourism Minister Kumari Selja said here Monday as Britain and Australia issued travel advisories asking their nationals to be vigilant. The advisories came a day after two Taiwanese were injured when a two armed men on a motorcycle opened indiscriminate fire outside the historic Jama Masjid here Sunday. Condemning the attack, Selja said: This attack on tourists shows the desperation of those elements who want to create panic in the society by attacking innocent people. She appealed to the tourists and the tourism fraternity not to panic by such stray incidents as India is a safe destination and safety and security of tourists is utmost concern of the government. Investigating agencies are at work to bring the culprits to book, she said in a statement issued here. The attack on Taiwanese came just two weeks before the Commonwealth Games which start Oct 3. A high alert was issued by the police in the national capital Sunday and security was tightened. The British High Commission here, in its advisory, said: There is a high threat from terrorism throughout India. Terrorists have targeted places in the past which Westerners are known to visit, including public places such as restaurants, hotels, railway stations, markets and places of worship. Australias Department of Foreign Affairs (DFAT) updated its travel advice following Sundays attack, saying there is a high risk of a terrorist attack in New Delhi, ABC.net.au reported. Some 7,000 athletes and delegates from 71 countries and territories are expected for the Oct 3-14 Commonwealth Games, Indias biggest sporting event after the 1982 Asian Games. ANALYSIS Government is taking many steps to reduce terrorism from India.Govt. has increased the security on its boundaries . It is also taking many steps to check over commonwealth games to make it peaceful and fully free of terrorism. Fighting Terrorism in India By Maj. Gen. Kulwant Singh (Retd.) and Dr. David Leffler Terrorism is not an easy problem to solve. India has been fighting terrorism for over half a century. Since independence in 1947, the eastern states have been under the spell of insurgents, abetted by foreign countries. The disputed region of Kashmir is a powder keg, threatening to explode into conventional and possibly nuclear war any day. A viable solution may lie in Indias past-ancient Vedic knowledge that was scientifically validated in the 20th century. Now, in the 21st century, Indias ancient method of preventive defense, a form of defense called invincible, promises to end terrorism and conflict and set an example for the rest of the world. Is India ready to revive its illustrious past? India has fought four major wars over the problem of the disputed POK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir). Pakistan is unlikely to be able to win a conventional war against India. For this reason, Pakistan has allegedly resorted to sending terrorists into Kashmir, calling them freedom fighters. This holds true throughout the world: one sides terrorist is another sides freedom fighter. Globally, the impact of terrorism has been increasing since al-Qaeda formed alliances with existing terrorist organizations. The rise of tensions and the looming threat of nuclear war between India and Pakistan has triggered a mass exodus of foreign nationals from India as well as Pakistan. Like many other countries, India has fought terrorism through a dynamic approach, i.e., with weaponry and military personnel. Despite its long-term military experience fighting terrorists, India is still losing the war. Terrorists continue to increase in number. Adding to the fray of foreign-based terrorists, new organizations are emerging, like the Peoples War Group (PWG). The number of such organizations and cadres who have joined them is alarming. Even with fully equipped police and para-military forces, India will not be able to completely control them. Even more alarming, defence experts predict that it is just a matter of time before terrorists attack with weapons of mass destruction which may be handheld and easy to transport and conceal. Tensions between India and Pakistan rise and fall, and frequently, both are poised for war. If war starts, Indias strategy, as announced so far, is for a limited offensive to stop terrorism. The term limited offensive itself is misleading, as it cannot be quantified. Does it imply limiting effort in the employment of forces, the areas of offensive, use of weapon systems and so on? In any case, Indias leaders may want it to be limited, but this cannot dictated to its opponents. In all probability, once war starts, it will not be limited. Can India eliminate terrorism by deploying military forces, as it has for the last 50 years? Again and again, history shows that the answer is no. Terrorism is a human problem. Therefore, it requires a human solution. The underlying cause of terrorism, war, conflict as well as other types of social violence, is accumulated social stress. If the collective social stress driving terrorism could be prevented, such negative problems would cease. Thus, no collective stress-no terrorism, and no war. A silent approach to achieve this prevention ideal is described in the Vedic literature. Heyam duhkham anagatam (Yog-Sutra, 2.16): Avert the danger before it arises. The Yog-Sutra, 2.35 also affirms Tat sannidhau vairatyagah: In the vicinity of Yogic influence-unifying influence, integrating influence, coherent and harmonious influence-conflicting tendencies do not arise. These ancient principles applied in the past, and they apply today. According to Vedic tradition, conflict resulted from ignorance-ignorance of how to prevent the build-up of collective stress. For example, the Ramayana stated that ignorance will have no access within eight miles from [the Yogis hermitage]. The Ramayana also described the ancient city of Ayodhya. Ayodhya means the city none can challenge in warfare. Certainly, Ayodhya relied on the conventional defence technologies of its time. For instance, It was enclosed by strong fortifications and a deep moat, which no enemy, by any expedient whatsoever, could penetrate. Also, Ayodhya abounded in warriors undefeated in battle, fearless and skilled in the use of arms, resembling lions guarding their mountain caves. However, the descriptions of the enlightened, stress-free life of the inhabitants of Ayodhya may indicate that its first line of defense was the citys freedom from collective stress. According to the Ramayana, this low stress level, based on life in harmony with Natural Law, made Ayodhya worthy of its name. Could this ideal of preventive defence again be accomplished in India? Vedic scholar and physicist Maharishi Mahesh Yogi revived the practical components of the silent approach of Invincible Defence Technology-he calls them the Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi program. These human resource-based technologies need not require or involve religious belief and practices. These meditation techniques have been practiced by members of many faiths worldwide. Extensive scientific research documents the ability of the TM and TM-Sidhi program to dissolve stress on the individual and collective levels. India could use this nourishing and non-destructive Invincible Defence Technology to reduce tensions, thereby preventing conflicting tendencies that drive terrorism ANALYSIS Since independence India is fighting against terrorism . And even it has got many success Mostly regions are well awared of this threat and it is reducing slowly from this world. Within few years it will be free from this threat September 11 attacks From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search 9/11 redirects here. For the date, see September 11 or 9 November. For other uses, see 911 (disambiguation). September 11 attacks . Location New York City; Arlington County, Virginia; and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Date Tuesday, September 11, 2001 8:46 am (2001-09-11T08:46) 10:28 am (2001-09-11T10:29) (UTC-4) Attack type Aircraft hijacking, mass murder, suicide attack, terrorism Death(s) Nearly 3,000 victims and 19 hijackers Injured 6,000+ Belligerent(s) al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden[1] (see also Responsibility and Hijackers) The September 11 attacks (often referred to as September 11th or 9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.[1][2] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights. Nearly 3,000 victims and the 19 hijackers died in the attacks.[3] According to the New York State Health Department, 836 responders, including firefighters and police personnel, have died as of June 2009.[3] Among the 2,752 victims who died in the attacks on the World Trade Center were 343 firefighters and 60 police officers from New York City and the Port Authority.[4] 184 people were killed in the attacks on the Pentagon.[5] The overwhelming majority of casualties were civilians, including nationals of over 70 countries.[6] In addition, there was at least one secondary death one person was ruled by a medical examiner to have died from lung disease due to exposure to dust from the World Trade Centers collapse.[7] The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror: it invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, who had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. The United States also enacted the USA PATRIOT Act. Many other countries also strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded law enforcement powers. Some American stock exchanges stayed closed for the rest of the week following the attack and posted enormous losses upon reopening, especially in the airline and insurance industries. The destruction of billions of dollars worth of office space caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan. The damage to the Pentagon was cleared and repaired within a year, and the Pentagon Memorial was built adjacent to the building. The rebuilding process has started on the World Trade Center site. In 2006, a new office tower was completed on the site of 7 World Trade Center. The new 1 World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and, at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2013, it will become one of the tallest buildings in North America. Three more towers were originally expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site. Ground was broken for the Flight 93 National Memorial on November 8, 2009, and the first phase of construction is expected to be ready for the 10th anniversary of the attacks on September 11, 2011.[8] Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center. The World Trade Center Towers on fire and the collapse of the South Tower ANALYSIS This is one of the major attack of terrorist in the world . After this attack United states has taken major attacks against rerrorist Asia Briefing NÂ °109, 6 September 2010 The Indonesian government could reduce the circulation of illegal firearms by improving procedures for guarding and monitoring police and military armouries, conducting regular audits of gun importers and enforcing controls over the airsoft industry. ANALYSIS Even the foreign countries are also affected by this threat.

Peer To Peer Piracy :: File Sharing Network MP3

Peer To Peer Piracy Everyone loves good tunes, and that’s okay. In this media heavy society, everyone has a favorite type of music, or a favorite artist. However, expanding one’s horizons in music beyond mainstream was terribly expensive, until Napster. Napster, Shawn Fanning’s brainchild, was a revolution. People began trading music over the internet through peer to peer file sharing, and next thing you know, everyone could have thousands and thousands of songs. Napster had shown a society a method for getting what they wanted, for free. It was only a matter of time until users started trading a lot more than just music; movies, software, and games were all in demand. Napster was formulated off of a simple concept of sharing music, but it turned out to be revolutionary by becoming a catalyst to a much larger peer to peer pirating system. Napster helped computer literate users share music through a system of indexing. When a user logged on, the user’s computer would send data with which mp3s, or songs, were in their predestinated â€Å"shared folder† to the index computer. The index computer would then tell that user where other files were stored over the network, on other user’s computers. With this system, a user could download an entire album of Jimi Hendrix from another user either two states away, or two doors down. Since Napster only dealt in mp3 files, it was targeted by the music companies, who sued until it Shawn had to take down the Central Index Server. It was replaced though, by networks like Gnutella which use a referral system. When one computer comes onto the Gnutella network, it finds another computer on the network, and introduces itself. Then, like a spreading rumor, the word gets around the network. The computer that just learned tells 8 others about the new one, then those 8 tell 7 more about the new one, and so on. This way, each client has a larger number of other clients who know it is online and what content it has available (Wikipedia). However, without a main server to regulate, users could distribute whatever they wanted. Software piracy was very prominent. Any user could punch in the search terms â€Å"AutoCAD† and download a thousand dollar program for free.

Theme

Eddie Truong Prof. Gray English 28 11 March 2013 Finding The Theme Many stories around the world have a wide variety of theme and issues that are not easily identified. Throughout stories, authors like to describe the characterization of character rather than the plot. The reason authors don’t describe the plot of the story is because through the characterization of the characters, readers are able to distinguish the different issues the author has planted in the story. Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† is a short story that explores the way some people tend to view their family heritage and culture.Even though the title of the story does not give a sense of genre, it is actually a drama story because it has conflicts between different people. This story begins when Mama and Maggie are waiting at their front yard for the arrival of their daughter/sister. When Dee, the sister arrives, she informs her family that she has thrown away her name for another name. When they all get into the house, Dee asks her mom for valuables that were left behind by their past relatives. At first Mama agrees to give it to her, but refuses later because Mama felt that Dee would not carry the important heritage of the family tradition.Dee, who is outraged at this point, runs out of the house and left saying that they do not understand the real importance of their culture essay writer dubai. In the story, â€Å"Everyday Use† uses direct and indirect characterization through Mama, Maggie, and Dee to elucidate the theme of personal belief some people have for their family heritage. One way the theme becomes clearer to the readers is through the indirect characterization of Mama. Indirect characterization is shown throughout the story to show the traits of the characters by what they say and what they do. The readers are able to have a sense of who the character is by indirect characterization.For example, â€Å"A yard like this is more comfortable then most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room† (108). Through this quote the readers are able to realize that Mama is proud of what she has and the yard was not just a property to her, it is her culture. Another example given is when Mama â€Å"snatched the quilts out of miss Wangero’s hand and dumped them into Maggie’s lap† (115), and then at the end mama and Maggie sits outside enjoying their sister leave. This shows the readers that Mama believe that Maggie is more qualified to carry on the heritage and their belief of heritage is better than their sister.Another character that is characterized directly and indirectly to help clarify the theme is Maggie. Unlike indirect characterization, direct characterization is when the traits are actually given to us by the narrator rather than their actions and words. The way the author directly and indirectly characterize Maggie helps the reader see the belief she has in her family cultur e. For instance, When Maggie lets her sister have the quilt because she â€Å"can ‘member Grandma Dee without the quilts† (115) since she was taught how to make the quilt by their grandmother.Maggie does this because she had acquired the skill of quilting from her grandmother. This quote shows that Maggie is open minded and wanted to learn her family’s culture. The readers can have a sense that Maggie feels that the culture of making quilt is better than needing an item to actually remind you of your culture. Another example is when Maggie says that the dasher was whittled by â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband†(113) and that his name was â€Å"Henry, but they called him Stash†(113). Maggie says this quietly and outspoken because her sister Dee didn’t remember who in their family made that significant piece.The reader are shown that Maggie actually know more about their family valuables and their heritage than Dee. Maggie values the importa nce of the people who created this piece, while Dee just valued the material. The last character that helps elucidate the theme through indirect characterization is Dee. The indirect characterization of Dee helps show the reader the views of heritage she has compared to her mother and sister. A given example is when Dee comes back home and tell her family that she has thrown away her name, which has been in their family for years and chosen the name: â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo† (112).This shows the readers that Dee has thrown her family’s name that has been passed down their culture because she wanted to be even closer to the roots of their African Americans culture. Another example that is given is when Dee yells at her mother that Maggie shouldn’t wear the quilts because she doesn’t â€Å"appreciate the quilts† that their ancestors has made. Dee believes that â€Å"they’re priceless†(114) and that they should be hung up. Even t hough the readers will find that Dee is being disrespectful to her mother, the readers are able to recognize that the quilt was made with materials from African American culture.Indirect and direct characterization is a key way to help readers wrestle their way through the different issues expressed by the author. The descriptions of the character’s traits and their words to their actions are important in every story. Many stories would be difficult to figure out the issues or theme without these key points. It could leave readers confused and mislead into many different directions. Through indirect and direct characterization, the readers are able to find the ideas given by the author.

Deception Point Page 59

In about five minutes the President would introduce Ekstrom and his NASA staff. Then, in a dramatic satellite linkup from the top of the world, NASA would join the President in sharing this news with the world. After a brief account of how the discovery was made, what it meant for space science, and some mutual backpatting, NASA and the President would hand duty off to celebrity scientist Michael Tolland, whose documentary would roll for just under fifteen minutes. Afterward, with credibility and enthusiasm at its peak, Ekstrom and the President would say their good-nights, promising more information to come in the days ahead via endless NASA press conferences. As Ekstrom sat and waited for his cue, he felt a cavernous shame settling inside him. He'd known he would feel it. He'd been expecting it. He'd told lies†¦ endorsed untruths. Somehow, though, the lies seemed inconsequential now. Ekstrom had a bigger weight on his mind. In the chaos of the ABC production room, Gabrielle Ashe stood shoulder to shoulder with dozens of strangers, all necks craned toward the bank of television monitors suspended from the ceiling. A hush fell as the moment arrived. Gabrielle closed her eyes, praying that when she opened them she would not be looking at images of her own naked body. The air inside Senator Sexton's den was alive with excitement. All of his visitors were standing now, their eyes glued to the large-screen television. Zach Herney stood before the world, and incredibly, his greeting had been awkward. He seemed momentarily uncertain. He looks shaky, Sexton thought. He never looks shaky. â€Å"Look at him,† somebody whispered. â€Å"It has to be bad news.† The space station? Sexton wondered. Herney looked directly into the camera and took a deep breath. â€Å"My friends, I have puzzled for many days now over how best to make this announcement†¦ â€Å" Three easy words, Senator Sexton willed him. We blew it. Herney spoke for a moment about how unfortunate it was that NASA had become such an issue in this election and how, that being the case, he felt he needed to preface the timing of his impending statement with an apology. â€Å"I would have preferred any other moment in history to make this announcement,† he said. â€Å"The political charge in the air tends to make doubters out of dreamers, and yet as your President, I have no choice but to share with you what I have recently learned.† He smiled. â€Å"It seems the magic of the cosmos is something which does not work on any human schedule†¦ not even that of a president.† Everyone in Sexton's den seemed to recoil in unison. What? â€Å"Two weeks ago,† Herney said, â€Å"NASA's new Polar Orbiting Density Scanner passed over the Milne Ice Shelf on Ellesmere Island, a remote landmass located above the Eightieth Parallel in the high Arctic Ocean.† Sexton and the others exchanged confused looks. â€Å"This NASA satellite,† Herney continued, â€Å"detected a large, high-density rock buried two hundred feet under the ice.† Herney smiled now for the first time, finding his stride. â€Å"On receiving the data, NASA immediately suspected PODS had found a meteorite.† â€Å"A meteorite?† Sexton sputtered, standing. â€Å"This is news?† â€Å"NASA sent a team up to the ice shelf to take core samples. It was then that NASA made†¦ † He paused. â€Å"Frankly, they made the scientific discovery of the century.† Sexton took an incredulous step toward the television. No†¦. His guests shifted uneasily. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen,† Herney announced, â€Å"several hours ago, NASA pulled from the Arctic ice an eight-ton meteorite, which contains†¦ † The President paused again, giving the whole world time to lean forward. â€Å"A meteorite which contains fossils of a life-form. Dozens of them. Unequivocal proof of extraterrestrial life.† On cue, a brilliant image illuminated on the screen behind the President-a perfectly delineated fossil of an enormous buglike creature embedded in a charred rock. In Sexton's den, six entrepreneurs jumped up in wide-eyed horror. Sexton stood frozen in place. â€Å"My friends,† the President said, â€Å"the fossil behind me is 190 million years old. It was discovered in a fragment of a meteorite called the Jungersol Fall which hit the Arctic Ocean almost three centuries ago. NASA's exciting new PODS satellite discovered this meteorite fragment buried in an ice shelf. NASA and this administration have taken enormous care over the past two weeks to confirm every aspect of this momentous discovery before making it public. In the next half hour you will be hearing from numerous NASA and civilian scientists, as well as viewing a short documentary prepared by a familiar face whom I'm sure you all will recognize. Before I go any further, though, I absolutely must welcome, live via satellite from above the Arctic Circle, the man whose leadership, vision, and hard work is solely responsible for this historic moment. It is with great honor that I present NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom.† Herney turned to the screen on perfect cue. The image of the meteorite dramatically dissolved into a regal-looking panel of NASA scientists seated at a long table, flanked by the dominant frame of Lawrence Ekstrom. â€Å"Thank you, Mr. President.† Ekstrom's air was stern and proud as he stood up and looked directly into the camera. â€Å"It gives me great pride to share with all of you, this-NASA's finest hour.† Ekstrom spoke passionately about NASA and the discovery. With a fanfare of patriotism and triumph, he segued flawlessly to a documentary hosted by civilian science-celebrity Michael Tolland. As he watched, Senator Sexton fell to his knees in front of the television, his fingers clutching at his silver mane. No! God, no! 69 Marjorie Tench was livid as she broke away from the jovial chaos outside the Briefing Room and marched back to her private corner in the West Wing. She was in no mood for celebration. The phone call from Rachel Sexton had been most unexpected. Most disappointing. Tench slammed her office door, stalked to her desk, and dialed the White House operator. â€Å"William Pickering. NRO.† Tench lit a cigarette and paced the room as she waited for the operator to track down Pickering. Normally, he might have gone home for the night, but with the White House's big windup into tonight's press conference, Tench guessed Pickering had been in his office all evening, glued to his television screen, wondering what could possibly be going on in the world about which the NRO director did not have prior knowledge. Tench cursed herself for not trusting her instincts when the President said he wanted to send Rachel Sexton to Milne. Tench had been wary, feeling it was an unnecessary risk. But the President had been convincing, persuading Tench that the White House staff had grown cynical over the past weeks and would be suspect of the NASA discovery if the news came from in-house. As Herney had promised, Rachel Sexton's endorsement had squelched suspicions, prevented any skeptical in-house debate, and forced the White House staff to move forward with a unified front. Invaluable, Tench had to admit. And yet now Rachel Sexton had changed her tune. The bitch called me on an unsecured line. Rachel Sexton was obviously intent on destroying the credibility of this discovery, and Tench's only solace was knowing the President had captured Rachel's earlier briefing on videotape. Thank God. At least Herney had thought to obtain that small insurance. Tench was starting to fear they were going to need it. At the moment, however, Tench was trying to stem the bleeding in other ways. Rachel Sexton was a smart woman, and if she truly intended to go head-to-head with the White House and NASA, she would need to recruit some powerful allies. Her first logical choice would be William Pickering. Tench already knew how Pickering felt about NASA. She needed to get to Pickering before Rachel did.

Foreign Collaboration

TAXPERT PROFESSIONALS Article on Foreign Collaboration 24 March 2011 0 TAXPERT Professionals | [Type the company address] Article on Foreign Collaboration Foreign Collaboration An Overview To fulfill the need of freeing the Indian industry from excessive official control and for promoting foreign investments in India in necessary sectors the much required liberalization of Indian economy was brought in by Industrial Policy of 1991. From then the Indian economy is more facilitating to Foreign Direct investment in all form. Foreign investment in India is regulated by ?Foreign Exchange Management Act ? Reserve Bank of India ? Department of Policy and promotion Foreign Exchange Management Act is an act to facilitate, promote and manage the foreign exchange in India. Reserve Bank of India issues various regulations to give effect to the various provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion was established in 1995 and has been reconstitu ted in the year 2000 with the merger of the Department of Industrial Development. There has been a consistent shift in the role and functions of this Department since 1991.From regulation and administration of the industrial sector, the role of the Department has been transformed into facilitating investment and technology flows and monitoring industrial development in the liberalized environment. The role and functions of the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion [here in after referred as Department or DIPP] primarily includes interalia is following: Formulation and implementation of industrial policy and strategies for industrial development in conformity with the development needs and national objectives; acilitation of FDI; technology collaborations at enterprise level and formulating policy parameters for the same; Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications of Goods and administration of regulations, rules made there under; TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration The DIPP is in charge for encouraging acquisition of technological capability in various sectors of the industry where such acquisition is required to promote the economic development.Foreign technology induction is facilitated through liberal foreign technology collaboration regime either through FDI or through Foreign Technology Collaboration (FTC) agreement. There are two types of Foreign Collaboration the Financial collaboration and the technical collaboration. 1. Financial Collaboration refers to collaboration where only equity is involved. The financial collaboration can be by way of entering into Joint Venture agreement with the Indian Company. 2. Technical collaboration refers to collaboration where there is transfer of technology by the Foreign collaborator on due compensation.Foreign Colloboration Financial Colloboration 1 Financial Collaboration Techinical Colloboration Financial collab oration refers to collaboration where there is equity participation. It is regulated by the sectoral caps only and equity is permitted in almost all the sectors till the extent as mentioned in the Foreign Direct Investment Policy. Foreign Direct Investment is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities excluding only few sectors which are prohibited like real estate etc and few where prior approval from FIPB is required. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. om [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration As per press note 3 (2005 Series) issued by DIPP prior government approval for new proposals would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an existing joint venture in the â€Å"same field† [refer Annexure I for detailed discussion]. Same field as defined in the same press note mean 4 digit NIC 1987 code. In case of Financial collaboration a new Indian company [referred as Joint venture Company or JVC here in af ter] is formed, shares of which are subscribed by a foreign party and the Indian Company.When the money is received by Indian company [JVC] for subscription of shares by Foreign Company it has to intimate the RBI within 30 days of the receiving of Consideration and within 180 days of the receipt of consideration the shares are required to be allotted to foreign company, within 30 days of the allotment of shares the FC GPR Form along with Certificate from Chartered Accountant as well as Company secretary is required to be filed by Indian Company [JVC].As far as Financial collaboration is concerned in most of the cases a Joint Venture agreement is entered separately or all the conditions of joint Venture agreement are incorporated in the Article of Association of the Company. Interalia following are the clauses in Article of Association that will need consideration so that the interest of both the Joint Venture partners is saved: 1. Shares: – There can be restriction on transfe rring the share of a company [by each Joint Venture Partner] that no shareholder [JV partner] shall transfer the shares without the approval from other JV partner.The shares shall be offered to the other shareholder first before selling to the third party. How the fair value of the shares to be transferred shall be determined. There can be Lock in period for holding the shares. 2. Meetings:-The Quorum for the General meeting shall be at least one Shareholder? s representative appointed by both parties respectively. 3. Directors: – The Minimum number of directors representing interest of each party can be placed in Article of Association.The quorum of the Board Meeting can be framed to consist at least one Director appointed by each of the parties. The clauses can be put to safeguard interest of each party as to items where consent shall be given by way of affirmative voting by each party director. 2 Foreign technology agreements and collaborations For promoting technological capability and competitiveness of Indian Industry, acquisition of foreign technology is promoted through foreign technology collaborations.Foreign technology agreements and collaborations are permitted either through the automatic route under delegated powers exercised by the Reserve Bank of India, or by the Government. The items of foreign technology collaboration, which are eligible for approval through the automatic route and by the Government, are A. Technical know-how fees, B. Payments for designs and drawings, C. Payments for engineering services and D. Royalty TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign CollaborationFor entering into technology collaboration an agreement is entered into between the foreign entity and an Indian entity. The following should be taken into account while drafting the technology agreement that the licensed product/technical information is defined elaborately, period for which such a technolog y/knowhow is transferred, what is transferred and what is not transferred and what are exclusive and non exclusive rights transferred, manner of calculation of payment and schedule of payment, cost of foreign Technicians, which party will bear the taxes if etc. Please note that no permission is necessary for hiring of foreign technicians and no application need be made to Government for this purpose irrespective of whether the hiring of foreign technician is under an approved collaboration agreement or not]. As said earlier the collaboration can be through automatic route or government route.Below is the brief discussion regarding the same:- 2. 1 Automatic Route for Foreign Technology Agreements: The Reserve Bank of India, through its regional offices, accords automatic approval to all industries for foreign technology collaboration agreements subject to: The lump sum payments not exceeding US $2 million; Where there s technology Transfer :- Royalty payment being limited to 5 per ce nt for domestic sales and 8 per cent for exports, subject to a total payment of 8 per cent in sales without any restriction on the duration of the payments; and Where there is no technology Transfer: – The Government of India also permits payment of royalties of up to 2 per cent on exports and 1 per cent for domestic sales under automatic route on use of trademarks and brand names of the foreign collaborator without technology transfer. ? ? ?Also, Clarification was brought in by department via press note dated 23-12-2005 that as FDI upto 100% is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities automatic route is also allowed for foreign technology collaboration where the payments are within 5% for domestic sales and 8% for exports. 2. 2 Government Approval for Foreign Technology Agreements As per press note 1(2005 series) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an existing joint venture or technology transf er/trademark agreement in the „same? ield. The onus to provide requisite justification and also proof to the satisfaction of the Government that the new proposal would or would not in any way jeopardize the interests of the existing joint venture or technology/trademark partner or other stakeholders would lie equally on the foreign investor/technology supplier and the Indian partner. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign CollaborationIn cases where the foreign investor has a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the „same? field prior approval of the Government will not be required in the following cases: i. Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI); ii. where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent; iii. Where the existing venture/collaboration is defunct or sick.Remit tance of Royalty/Technical Fee General permission has been given permission to authorised dealers by Reserve bank of India vide (DIR Series) Circular No. 76 dated 24th Feb 2004 to allow remittances for royalty and payment of Lump sum fee provided the payment; provided the royalty does not exceeds 5% of the domestic sales and 8% on exports and Lump sum fees does not exceeds USD 2 Million. Prior approval from Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Government of India in case exceeds the above said payments.In terms of Rule 4 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules 2000, prior approval of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, is required for drawing foreign exchange for remittances under technical collaboration agreements where payment of royalty exceeds 5% on local sales and 8% on exports and lump-sum payment exceeds USD 2 million [item 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000]. How ever as per RBI/2009-10/465 A. P. (DIR Series) Circular No. 2 dated 13 May 2010 the Government of India has reviewed the extant policy with regard to liberalization of foreign technology agreement and it was decided to omit item number 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000, and the entry relating thereto. Accordingly, AD Category-I banks may permit drawal of foreign exchange by persons for payment of royalty and lump-sum payment under technical collaboration agreements without the approval of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India [w. . f 16 Dec 2009]. Source :http://rbidocs. rbi. org. in/rdocs/content/PDFs/AFE130510RC. pdf To sum up, success of any collaboration is dependent on the synergies that are driven from it by both parties. Therefore to achieve the desired objective of collaboration it is necessary that the matters like proper due diligence, tax structuring, drafting of joint venture agreement etc are v ery well taken care of. For further details get in touch at [email  protected] com TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. om [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Annexure I Source: http://dipp. nic. in/ DISCUSSION PAPER SUBJECT: APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion has decided to release Discussion Papers on various aspects related to FDI. In the series of these Discussion Papers, this is the third paper on „Approval of foreign/ technical collaborations in case of existing ventures/tie-ups in India?.Views and suggestions are invited on the observations made in the enclosed discussion paper, as also on the entire gamut of issues related to the subject, by October 15, 2010. 2. The views expressed in this discussion paper should not be construed as the views of the Government. The Department hopes to generate informed discussion on the subject, so as to enable the Government to take an appropriate policy decision at an appropriate time. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign CollaborationDISCUSSION PAPER APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. 0 PRESENT SCENARIO: 1. 1 Paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 (Consolidated FDI Policy), specifies that investment would be subject to the „Existing Venture/ tie-up condition?. As per this condition, where a foreign investor had, prior to January 12, 2005, entered into an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field, any new proposal for investment/ technology transfer/trademark agreement, requires Government approval.The proposal has to be routed through either the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) in the Department of Economic Affairs, if fresh foreign investment is involved or the Project Approval Boar d (PAB) in the DIPP, if no foreign investment is involved. The 4 digit National Industrial Classification (NIC), 1987 Code, would be the basis for determining if the field was the same . 1. 2 The onus to demonstrate that the proposed new tie-up would not jeopardize the xisting joint venture or technology transfer/ trademark partner, lies equally on the foreign investor/ technology supplier and the Indian partner. 1. 3 The policy aims at protecting the interests of joint venture partners of agreements entered into, prior to January 12, 2005. Foreign collaboration agreements, both financial and technical, entered into after January 12, 2005, have been exempted from this stipulation. This is because such joint venture agreements are expected to include a „conflict of interest? lause, so as to safeguard the interests of joint venture partners, in the event of one of the partners desiring to set up another joint venture or a wholly owned subsidiary in the same field of economic act ivity. 1. 4 Five categories of investments have, however, been exempted from the requirement of Government approval, even though the foreign investor may be having a joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field.These are a) Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI ), b)Investments by Multinational Financial Institutions like the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation(IFC), Commonwealth Finance Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG), c) Where, in the existing joint venture, investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent d)Where the existing joint venture / collaboration is defunct or sick and e) Investments in the Information Technology or mining sectors. 2. 0 2. 1EVOLUTION OF THE PRESENT REGIME: PRESS NOTE 18 (1998 SERIES) In Press Note 18 (1998 series), Government set out the following guidelines for approval of foreign / te chnical collaborations, under the automatic route, in cases where previous ventures/ tie-ups existed within India. a) Automatic route for bringing in FDI and/or technology collaboration agreements (including trade-mark agreements), would not be available to those who have or had any previous joint-venture or technology transfer/trade-mark agreement, in the „same? or „allied? field, in India. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] om 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration b) Government approval route was, necessary in such cases. Detailed circumstances under which it was found necessary to set-up a new joint venture/enter into new technology transfer (including trade-mark) were required to be furnished at the time of seeking approval. c) The onus was clearly on such investors/technology suppliers, to provide the requisite justification /proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would not, in any manner, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/trade-mark partner or other stakeholders.It was at the sole discretion of the FIPB/ PAB, to either approve the application with or without conditions or to reject it in toto, duly recording the reasons for doing so. 2. 2 PRESS NOTE 10 (1999 SERIES) Press Note 10 (1999 series) defined the meaning of the terms â€Å"same field† and â€Å"allied field† as under: o o â€Å"same field† – four-digit NIC 1987code â€Å"allied field† – three-digit NIC 1987codeThe Press Note further clarified that, only proposals for foreign collaboration, falling under same four-digit or three-digit classifications, in terms of their past or existing joint ventures in India, would attract the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 3 PRESS NOTE 2 (2000 SERIES) With a view to further liberalize the FDI regime, the Government issued Press Note 2 (2000 series), wherein all activities were placed under the automatic route for FDI, except for a specified negative list. Sector-specific guidelines were attached to this Press Note.In respect of the mining sector, it was mentioned that the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series) would not be applicable for setting up 100% owned subsidiaries, subject to a declaration from the applicant that he had no existing joint-venture for the same area and/ or the particular mineral. 2. 4 PRESS NOTE 8 (2000 SERIES) Press Note 8 (2000 series), recognized the special nature and needs of the IT sector. With a view to further simplify approval procedures and facilitate greater investment inflows into the IT sector in the country, FDI proposals elating to the IT sector were exempted from the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 5 PRESS NOTE 1 (2001 SERIES) This Press Note provided for exemptions from the provisions of Press Note 18 for investments made in domestic companies by International Financial Institutions, such as the Asian Development B ank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG) etc.Accordingly, such International Financial Institutions were permitted to invest in domestic companies, through the automatic route, subject to SEBI/ RBI regulations and sector-specific caps on FDI. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration 2. 6 PRESS NOTE 1 (2005 SERIES) 1. Following the introduction of Press Note 18 (1998 series), certain representations were made by foreign investors. They pointed out that: a) The Press Note had the effect of overriding the contractual terms agreed to with the Indian partners. ) Domestic investors were using the provisions of the Press Note as a means of extracting unreasonable prices / commercial advantage. The Press Note was, thus, becoming a stumbling block for further FDI coming into the country. c) The term â€Å"allied field† was very widely defined, as it included even those products which would not have caused jeopardy to the manufacture of existing products. d) Foreign investors were being singled out to present their defence, without the Indian partner being asked to justify the existence of jeopardy. . Press Note 1 (2005 series), issued on 12 January, 2005, addressed these issues by amending the earlier guidelines. New proposals for foreign investment/technical collaboration were allowed under the automatic route, subject to sectoral policies and the following revised guidelines: a) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor had a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the ‘same' field, existing as on the date of the Press Note i. . 12 January, 2005. b) The onus to provide requisite justification and proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would or would not, in any way, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/ trademark partner or other stakeholders, would lie equally on the foreign investor/ technology supplier and the Indian partner. ) Even in cases where the foreign investor had a joint-venture or technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the ‘same' field, prior approval of the Government would not be required in the following cases: Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) or ii) where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties was less than 3% or iii) where the existing venture/ collaboration was defunct or sick i) d) In so far as joint ventures to be entered into after the date of the Press Note were concerned, the joint venture agreements could embody a ‘conflict of interest' clause, to safeguard the interests of joint-venture partners, in the event of one of the partners desiring to set up another joint-venture or a wholly-owned- subsidiary, in the ‘same' field of economic activity. 2. 7 PRESS NOTE 3 (2005 SERIES) TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Subsequently, Press Note 3 (2005 series), issued on 15 March, 2005, clarified that: a) For the purposes of Press Note 1 (2005 Series), the definition of „same? field would continue to be 4-digit NIC 1987 Code. ) Proposals in the Information Technology sector, and the mining sector, continued to remain exempt from the application of Press Note 1 (2005 Series). c) For the purpose of avoiding any ambiguity, it was further reiterated that, jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, existing on the date of issue of the said Press Note (i. e. 12. 1. 2005), would be treated as existing jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, for the purposes of that Press Note. 3. 0 APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS IN PRACTICE: 3. 1 FIPB considered 566 proposals during th e calendar year 2009, out of which 16% related to matters linked with Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005, wherein the applicants had a joint-venture / technology transfer agreement, with an Indian partner, as on 12 January, 2005. 3. Some of the principles emerging from the cases discussed in the FIPB 1 are set out below: a) In case the existing joint-venture has become defunct, there may not be any jeopardy to the Indian partner, in case the foreign collaborator wishes to set up a new venture. b) „Jeopardy? should not be invoked as a measure to stifle legitimate business activity and prevent competition. The issue of „jeopardy? has to be examined in light of the extant business agreements/arrangements between the parties. c) „Jeopardy? may not be established in cases where technology licence agreements have expired, as per terms mutually agreed by the joint-venture partners. d) In location specific projects/ activities, the concept of „jeopardy? cannot be extended b eyond the area originally envisaged in the agreement. In such cases, „jeopardy? eeds to be viewed in a location-specific context. 3. 3 The FIPB Review, 2009 has observed that: â€Å"While critics may feel that Press Note 1 has outlived its utility, the high pitched debate on the issue of jeopardy and Indian JV partners alleging foul play by the foreign collaborator cannot make us oblivious to its continuing relevance. † 4. 0 PRACTICES IN OTHER EMERGING MARKETS (CHINA AND BRAZIL): 1 FIPB Review, 2009 TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Emerging economies, such as Brazil and China, do not have any such corresponding requirements, under their foreign investment regimes. 5. CONCERNS RELATED TO LIBERALISING THE ‘EXISTING VENTURE/ TIE-UP CONDITION’: 5. 1 In 1998, the main policy concern was to protect the interests of domestic jointventure partners/ technology collaborators, who may ha ve been less advantageously placed, in comparison to their foreign counterparts, insofar as their ability to influence the terms of future business engagement were concerned. It was felt that an element of Government oversight was necessary, so that future collaborations were subjected to the test of „jeopardy? and existing domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators were not placed in a position wherein their survival was threatened. 5. This policy framework was relaxed in 2005, while maintaining a balance between the need to ensure healthy foreign investment inflows and the need to ensure that survival of the domestic industry was not threatened. The main elements of the „existing venture/ tie-up condition? were retained, underlining Government? s concerns about ensuring the continued sustenance and growth of the domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators, in collaboration with their foreign partners. 6. 0 THE CASE FOR REVIEW OF THE EXTANT REGIME: 6. 1 The „existing venture/ tie-up condition? has now been in existence, as a formal measure under the FDI policy, for nearly twelve years. It was last reviewed in 2005.There is a need to examine whether such a conditionality continues to be relevant in the present day context. 6. 2 The „existing venture/ tie-up condition? currently applies only to those joint-ventures which have been in existence as on or prior to 12 January, 2005. With more than five years having elapsed, it can be argued that the issue of „jeopardy? is, no longer relevant, as the Indian partners could have recovered their investments substantially during this period of time. 6. 3 The Indian industry today is in a much stronger position than it was in the 1990s, when the condition was first introduced. It, therefore, needs to be seen whether there is a need to continue with the elements of such a regime even today. 6. Further, industry has to increasingly become more competitive. This is particularly relevant in an era of globalization, where a number of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Comprehensive Economic Cooperation/ Partnership Agreements (CEPAs/CEPAs) are in place . In such a scenario, if an industry is discouraged from being set up in India, it could be set up in a neighbouring country, with whom a trade agreement exists or is being negotiated. Competition today, is not only between domestic players inter se but also between international and domestic players. Dumping of goods from some of countries has posed serious threats to the survival of domestic industries.Between 1992 and 2010 (May), the Directorate General for anti Dumping (DGAD) has initiated anti-dumping investigations into 253 cases involving 38 countries/territories (considering 27 EC countries as a single territory). The major product categories on which anti-dumping duty has been levied are chemicals & petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fibres /yarns, steel and other metal products and consumer goods. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Limiting international technology agreements through measures described above may constrain the growth of strong and competitive domestic industries. 6. It is also a moot point whether Government policy should intervene in the commercial sphere and override contractual terms agreed to between the parties, given the need to promote healthy competition, and ensure sustained long-term economic growth. It can be argued that Government should not be concerned about commercial issues between two business partners. 6. 6 The measure discriminates between the foreign investors who had shown confidence in India, by investing in the country prior to 2005 and those who invested later. 6. 7 The condition may be restricting a number of investors, who may not be able to reach agreement with their Indian partners on their future investment plans, thereby restricting the inflow o f foreign capital and technology into the country. 6. 8 A related issue is the concept of „same field?.Press Note 1 of 2005 significantly limited the scope of the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series), as the latter applied only to the â€Å"same field† and not the much wider â€Å"allied field†. However, in the present day context, even the concept of â€Å"same field† may not be an accurate indicator for determining whether the new venture would jeopardize the interest of the existing joint-venture partner. This is because , the NIC four digit Codes, even after revision , may still not fully reflect the complexities related to the concept of the „same? industry and may often tend to cover a wide range of industrial activities under the same head. As an example, the activity of „manufacturing of seat belts? may not jeopardize the activity of „manufacturing of car steering?.However, both fall under the „same field? under the NIC Code of 1987. Further, the NIC Codes of 1987 may not accurately represent many of the business situations in the current complex and diversified industrial environment, leading to difficulties in interpretation. 7. 0 POLICY OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION : 7. 1 For the reasons mentioned in Paras 6. 1 to 6. 8, should the „existing venture/ tie-up conditions? last amended in Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005 and now included as paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 be totally abolished? 7. 2 Alternatively, if it is felt that such a condition should continue for some more time, should calibrated relaxations be introduced ?These could include exemptions from the application of the condition in cases where: a) The existing venture/tie up is more than say 10 years old b) If the activity of the new venture is demonstrably different from the activity of the existing venture/tie up, even though it has the same NIC field. Are there any other contingencies where such exemptions should be conside red? The article is contributed by CA. Sudha G. Bhushan, She is a Chartered Accountant and a company secretary. She is advisor to many international companies on international tax matters and FEMA Advisory services. She can be reached at [email  protected] com. TAXPERT Professionals | www. taxpertpro. com [email  protected] com 09769134554